We often hear people say, "I'm bad at math, so I'm not smart." Psychologist Howard Gardner challenged this belief. In his 1983 book Frames of Mind, he argued that intelligence cannot be reduced to a single score (IQ) and introduced the theory of multiple intelligences. According to Gardner, everyone has strengths in different areas, and each of these strengths represents a distinct type of intelligence.
What is the theory of multiple intelligences?
Gardner suggested that traditional IQ tests mainly measure verbal and logical abilities, even though the human mind is much broader. For example, a composer, an athlete, and a mathematician possess very different skill sets, so evaluating them with the same test is unfair. The core idea of the theory is that everyone possesses all eight intelligences, but developed to varying degrees.
Gardner's 8 types of intelligence
- Verbal-Linguistic intelligence: Using words and language effectively. Authors and public speakers excel here.
- Logical-Mathematical intelligence: Reasoning, calculations, and abstract patterns. Scientists and engineers.
- Visual-Spatial intelligence: Visualizing objects and spaces in the mind. Architects, painters, and pilots.
- Musical intelligence: Sensitivity to rhythm, pitch, and melody. Musicians and composers.
- Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence: Skillful use of the physical body. Athletes, dancers, and surgeons.
- Interpersonal intelligence: Understanding others and building strong relationships. Leaders and teachers.
- Intrapersonal intelligence: Recognizing one's own feelings and inner world. Individuals with high self-awareness.
- Naturalistic intelligence: Recognizing and classifying nature and living things. Biologists and farmers.
Gardner originally proposed seven intelligences before adding the eighth (naturalistic). He also discussed a ninth type (existential intelligence), but never officially included it.
Relationship to IQ and emotional intelligence
The theory of multiple intelligences expands the traditional view of human intellect. Verbal and logical intelligence overlap with the conventional concept of IQ and general intelligence. Interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence largely cover the same ground as emotional intelligence (EQ). In short, Gardner's framework offers a way to view IQ and EQ together under one broader umbrella.
Is the theory without criticism?
To be fair, no. Although the theory of multiple intelligences is very popular in education, it remains debated among scientists. Critics argue that some of Gardner's "intelligences" are actually talents or interests, making the theory difficult to test empirically. It is also not the same as "learning styles," a concept with which it is frequently confused. Still, its lasting contribution is reminding us that intelligence is multi-dimensional and that everyone has different strengths.
Discovering your own strengths is an enjoyable part of exploring your mind. You can try our brain games to exercise different skills, or take our free IQ test to get insights into your logical reasoning.