U.S. History Practice Test: Industrialization and Immigration

The two lines met at Promontory Summit on May 10, 1869, and a golden spike marked the event. Omaha was where the Union Pacific began building west.

Carnegie controlled every step of steelmaking, from iron mines to mills, a strategy called vertical integration. Oil was Rockefeller's industry, and banking was J. P. Morgan's.

By buying or forcing out competitors, Standard Oil controlled about 90 percent of U.S. oil refining. The Sherman Act banned trusts and monopolies that restrained trade, and the Supreme Court broke up Standard Oil in 1911.

Ellis Island, in New York Harbor, was the busiest immigration station, and millions of Europeans passed through it. Angel Island in San Francisco Bay handled many immigrants from Asia.

It was the first major federal law to bar immigrants because of their nationality, and it was not repealed until 1943. Chinese workers had helped build the Central Pacific railroad.

Italians, Poles, Russians, Jews from Eastern Europe and other groups arrived in great numbers. Earlier immigrants had come mostly from Britain, Ireland, Germany and Scandinavia.

Riis documented dark, overcrowded tenement buildings, and his work pushed the city to pass housing reforms. His title contrasts the poor with the comfortable "other half" of society.

The AFL grouped skilled workers such as carpenters and cigar makers by craft and focused on wages, hours and conditions. One big union for everyone describes the Knights of Labor.

Edison invented the phonograph in 1877 and developed a long-lasting light bulb in 1879. The telephone was patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.

Gilded means covered with a thin layer of gold. Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner used the term for an era of great fortunes alongside slums, low wages and political corruption.